The Summit Craters

The senses tell The Summit craters

vista
The inside of the summit craters

If you are lucky, trained and accustomed to high altitudes and trekking, and especially if there is no ongoing eruption, you can fully enjoy the sight of the inside of the summit craters. Straight away, you notice the ever-present tall gas columns coming from the summit fumarole fields.

udito
Internal activity

In absolute silence, even without seeing ash clouds rising from the bottom of the craters, you can distinctly see some explosions: these are simply gas bubbles exploding inside the volcanic conduit when they are about to reach the surface.

olfatto
Thin air

In addition to the omnipresent odour from the fumaroles of the Etna summit area, when you breathe in the air you sense that there is very little oxygen. In reality, the quantity of oxygen in the mixture that makes up the air is the same, but the lower atmospheric pressure here causes the rarefication of the entire air mixture.

tatto
The vibrating ground

While standing, seated or placing your hands on the crater perimeter, you will feel the ground vibrate, caused by the explosions inside the volcanic conduit.

Empedocles and his passion for Etna

Torre del Filosofo: at the base of the summit craters (2950 metres)

The Grand Tour in Sicily

The senses tell The Etna viewpoint

The senses tell Acireale

The senses tell Torre del Filosofo

Val Calanna, the first step towards a single large volcanic structure

The senses tell Val Calanna

The earthquake that changed the geography of eastern Sicily in 1693

Etna: a marvellous group of microclimates and vegetation

The eruption of 1928 that destroyed the town of Mascali

Lachea Island and the Aci Trezza Stacks

The different names of the “Muntagna”

Etna, wine terroir of excellence

Why did Etna form in that specific geographical position?

Summit crater activity between 2011 and 2019

The Jaci river

Acireale and its “timpe”

The Etna viewpoint

Valle del Leone and the Elliptical

The first Etnean volcanic events between Aci Castello and Aci Trezza

The senses tell Acicastello and Acitrezza

The Red Mountains and the destructive eruption of 1669

The “notches” of snow

The 1669 eruption in Catania

The 2001 eruption of Mount Etna, where the approach to volcanoes changed

Etna, the living mountain

The Elliptical, the first great volcano of Etna

The senses tell The Summit craters

The fault system of the “Timpe” of Acireale

The senses tell The Red Mountains

Malavoglia

Volcanic monitoring and eruption forecasting

The continuous evolution of the Etna summit craters

Acireale and reconstruction after the 1693 earthquake

The senses tell Valle del Leone

An ever-evolving volcano

A fauna context yet to be discovered

Humankind and the volcano: how should we behave? Volcanic risk

Etna, an ever-changing natural laboratory